ZigBee-Based Automated Environmental Control Solution for Oyster Mushroom Farming


Oyster mushroom cultivation requires precise control of environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, CO₂ concentration, and light intensity. Below is a tailored solution leveraging ZigBee wireless technology for real-time monitoring and automated adjustments in mushroom greenhouses:

​1. System Architecture:

The solution adopts a ​three-layer structure combining ZigBee wireless sensor networks, cloud platforms, and user interfaces:

  • Perception Layer: Deploys ZigBee nodes equipped with sensors (temperature, humidity, CO₂, light) and actuators (humidifiers, fans, heaters, LED lights).
  • Network Layer: Uses ZigBee coordinators to aggregate data and transmit it to a cloud server via MQTT/4G/NB-IoT protocols.
  • Application Layer: Provides remote monitoring through mobile apps or web dashboards, enabling automated control and alerts.

2. Key Components:

Sensor Nodes:

  • Temperature/Humidity: SHT30 sensor (range: -40–125°C, 0–100% RH, I²C interface) for high accuracy.
  • CO₂ Monitoring: Infrared CO₂ sensors (e.g., JXM-CO2, 0–50,000 ppm range) to ensure optimal gas exchange.
  • Light Intensity: BH1750FVI sensor (0–65,535 Lux) for photoperiod control.


ZigBee Network:

  • Topology: Star or mesh networks using CC2530 chips for low-power communication.
  • Coordinator: Collects data from nodes and forwards it to the cloud via ME3616 NB-IoT modules.

Actuators:

  • Humidity Control: Automatic misting systems and exhaust fans.
  • Temperature Regulation: Heaters or evaporative cooling via wet curtains.
  • Ventilation: Motorized vents to manage CO₂ levels.

3. Intelligent Control Logic:

Threshold-Based Automation:

  • Maintain temperature at 20–25°C and humidity at 85–95% during fruiting.
  • Adjust CO₂ levels below 1,000 ppm using ventilation systems.

Fuzzy Logic/PID Control: Optimizes actuator responses for stable conditions.

Cloud-Based Analytics: Historical data analysis to refine growth models and predict environmental trends.

4. User Interface & Alerts:

  • Mobile App/Web Dashboard: Displays real-time data trends and allows manual override of devices.
  • Push Notifications: SMS or app alerts for parameter deviations (e.g., temperature spikes, sensor failures).

5. Advantages:

  • Low Power Consumption: ZigBee nodes operate on 3.7V lithium batteries, lasting 6–24 months16.
  • Scalability: Easily add nodes to expand coverage without rewiring.
  • Cost-Effective: Reduced labor and energy costs compared to manual monitoring.

6. Implementation Example:
A pilot system in a 500 m² greenhouse achieved:

  • 20% yield increase through stable humidity control.
  • 30% energy savings via PID-optimized heating.

7. References:
This solution integrates best practices from academic studies and IoT frameworks for precision agriculture135. For detailed hardware schematics or software algorithms, refer to the cited research papers and case studies.